Announcement PDF ASX Announcement 22 June 2023 QUEENSLAND BRINE SOLUTIONS (QBS) RELEASES: MASTER PLAN PRESENTATION Highlights § Master Plan presentation provides details on improving the sustainability of the CSG industry. § Roadmap for addressing waste brine and salt challenges and creating substantial value. § Technology underpinning Master Plan has opportunity to become best available technology. § Master Plan is consistent with government priorities, including Australia’s new Critical Minerals Strategy, which outlines sovereign capability & sustainable supply chains as key objectives. Parkway Corporate Limited (“Parkway” or the “Company”) (ASX: PWN) is pleased to provide an introductory presentation outlining the Master Plan being advanced by Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS), a wholly owned subsidiary of Parkway. Further details regarding Master Plan, are outlined below and in the attached presentation. What is Master Plan? The coal seam gas (CSG) industry in Queensland is expected to produce in the order 6,000,000 tonnes of waste salts, over the life of existing CSG project. In order to address these significant CSG derived waste brine and salt challenges, Parkway has recently developed Master Plan, an innovative, sustainability driven concept. For context, the transport, dewatering (concentration), crystallisation and encapsulation (disposal) of the 6 million tonnes of waste salts through the CSG industry’s proposed base case option (salt encapsulation facilities), is estimated by Parkway to cost in the excess of $20 billion over the life of operating projects. What is the Objective of Master Plan? The primary objective of Master Plan is to utilise a proprietary process technology package developed by Parkway, to convert all the CSG derived waste brine and salts produced in Queensland, into saleable industrial products. This approach will put the CSG industry on a more sustainable footing, by addressing community concerns, by providing a sustainable waste “disposal” (convert waste-toproducts) option along circular economy principles, as well as generating revenue from the sale of industrial chemical products. A key product produced through the Master Plan concept, is caustic soda, a key reagent in the production of alumina, as well as in the refining process of various critical minerals. What is Best Available Technology (BAT)? At present, despite over $100M being invested by the CSG Industry in Queensland over the last decade, no sustainable option has been identified to address this significant waste brine and salt challenges. Subject to successful commercial-scale project execution, Parkway’s proprietary process technology package has a realistic opportunity of becoming the best available technology (BAT) and provide a complete industry-wide solution through QBS. Parkway’s technology package been demonstrated to eliminate waste in-line with circular economy principles, and is expected to achieve significantly improved project economics, than the proposed salt encapsulation approach. Based on preliminary internal estimates by Parkway, as outlined in the attached presentation, in addition to the many sustainability related advantages, the technology-based approach proposed by Parkway, is expected to create in excess of $15 billion in value for the CSG industry in Queensland. As the owner of the proprietary process technology package, Parkway (through QBS) is well placed to capture a share of this substantial value creation, through a range of established industrial technology related business models. Who is Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS)? QBS was recently incorporated by Parkway, in order to pursue the objectives of the Master Plan concept. Parkway intends to continue to collaborate with a range of stakeholders, including strategic partners, to assist QBS in the commercialisation of Master Plan. How will QBS Pursue Master Plan? QBS, in collaboration with leading strategic partners intends to establish a series of proposed central waste brine processing hubs. This approach will progressively provide an industry wide solution to addressing the waste brine and salt challenges facing the Queensland CSG industry, based on BAT. Master Plan Presentation The attached Master Plan presentation introduces the Master Plan concept being pursued by QBS, providing background information, details about the technology-based solution and the commercial opportunity. www. pwnps.com 22 JUNE 2023 | ASX ANNOUNCEMENT | 2 COMMENTS FROM GROUP MANAGING DIRECTOR & CEO Parkway’s Group Managing Director & CEO, Bahay Ozcakmak, makes the following comments: “ “The development of our Master Plan, for dealing with CSG derived waste brine and salt disposal related challenges across the entire Queensland CSG industry, is an ambitious undertaking. Whilst our concept for Master Plan will invariably evolve as we continue to engage with industry, government and a range of other key stakeholders, our underlying commitment to utilising world-class technology, to solve complex wastewater related challenges, sustainably, will remain unchanged. Our Master Plan provides a high-level roadmap for solving a nationally significant environmental challenge, impacting billions of dollars of investment, and aligns with many key government priorities supporting circular economy principles involving the conversion of industrial wastes into products. In recent years, we have methodically assembled an impressive portfolio of proprietary brine processing technologies and capabilities, specifically focused on large-scale industrial opportunities, including the Australian CSG sector. In addition to our highly experienced engineering team and accomplished board, we are also fortunate to have long established strategic partnerships with both Victoria University and Worley, which have been critical to our ongoing success. Following several years of intense process development, we are now at a stage where our commercialisation activities have progressed sufficiently, for us to disclose further details about our Master Plan. With the support of our partners, we have systematically developed an industrial-grade end-toend brine processing solution specifically developed for the Queensland CSG industry. Our proprietary technology platform has undergone extensive technical and commercial evaluations and is now ready to play a key role in addressing the multibillion-dollar challenges facing the CSG industry. We look forward to working closely and collaboratively with both industry and government to ensure we achieve improved outcomes for all stakeholders.” The release of this announcement has been approved by Parkway’s Group Managing Director & CEO, Bahay Ozcakmak, on behalf of the board of directors of the Company. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION For further information or investor enquiries, please contact: Bahay Ozcakmak General Enquiries Group Managing Director & CEO 1300 7275929 solutions@pwnps.com 1300 PARKWAY www. pwnps.com 22 JUNE 2023 | ASX ANNOUNCEMENT | 3 PARKWAY INVESTOR HUB To stay up to date with the latest news, access additional investor related resources including research reports and interact with Parkway by posting questions and feedback through a Q&A function, we encourage investors to sign-up to the Parkway Investor Hub. How to sign-up to the Parkway Investor Hub 1. navigate to https://investorhub.pwnps.com/welcome 2. follow the prompts to sign up for an Investor Hub account. 3. complete your account profile. or Scan QR Code to visit the Parkway Investor Hub. ABOUT PARKWAY CORPORATE LIMITED Parkway Corporate Limited is an Australian cleantech company focused on developing and implementing, industrial-scale innovative water treatment solutions. Parkway is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX: PWN) and is emerging as an innovative player in water related sustainability solutions. With significant inhouse technical expertise and established partnerships, Parkway is well-placed to deliver the next generation of wastewater treatment plants, incorporating the company’s portfolio of world-class technologies. Parkway operates through three (3) core business units, comprising: • Parkway Process Solutions (PPS) – Parkway’s primary operating division and an emerging provider of industrial water treatment products, services, solutions and associated technology to customers throughout Australia. PPS has recently established commercial relationships with key water industry participants, including globally recognised OEMs; • Parkway Process Technologies (PPT) – Parkway’s technology development, acquisition, and commercialisation division. PPT owns a portfolio of industrial wastewater treatment technologies, including the patented aMES® and iBC® process technologies. PPT has global aspirations and is supported by a network of strategic partners, including global engineering company Worley; and • Parkway Ventures (PV) – holds a portfolio of project equity interests, including interests relating to Parkway’s Karinga Lakes Potash Project in the Northern Territory of Australia. Additional information regarding Parkway, including an overview of the corporate structure of Parkway and the companies in its corporate group, can be found at: www.pwnps.com FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This announcement may contain certain “forward-looking statements”. The words “continue”, “expect”, “forecast”, “potential” and other similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements”. Indications of (and any guidance on) future earnings, financial position, capex requirements and performance are also “forward-looking statements”, as are statements regarding internal management estimates and assessments of market outlook. Where Parkway expresses or implies an expectation or belief as to future events or results, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis. However, “forward-looking statements” are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of Parkway, its officers, employees, agents and advisors, that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. There can be no assurance that actual outcomes will not differ materially from these statements. There are usually differences between forecast and actual results, because events and actual circumstances frequently do not occur as forecast and their differences may be material. Parkway does not undertake any obligation to publicly release any revisions to any "forward-looking statements" to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this announcement, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required under the applicable securities laws. www. pwnps.com 22 JUNE 2023 | ASX ANNOUNCEMENT | 4 MASTER PLAN CONCEPT 22 June 2023 Bahay Ozcakmak ASX: PWN | pwnps.com Group Managing Director & CEO Disclaimer Forward-Looking Statements Completeness and Accuracy of Information This presentation may contain forward-looking statements. The words “continue”, “expect”, “forecast”, “potential” and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Indications of, and guidance on, future earnings, financial position, capex requirements and performance are also forward-looking statements, as are statements regarding internal management estimates and assessments of market outlook. No representation or warranty is made as to the accuracy, completeness or correctness of the information contained in this presentation. To the maximum extent permitted by law, none of Parkway, its directors, employees or agents or any other person, accept any liability for any loss arising from or in connection with this presentation including (without limitation) any liability arising from fault or negligence, or make any representations or warranties regarding, and take no responsibility for, any part of this publication and make no representation or warranty, express or implied, as to the currency, accuracy, reliability, or completeness of information in this announcement. Where the Company expresses or implies an expectation or belief as to future events or results, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis. However, forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which are beyond the control of Parkway, its officers, employees, agents and advisors, that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. There can be no assurance that actual outcomes will not differ materially from these statements. There are usually differences between forecast and actual results, because events and actual circumstances frequently do not occur as forecast and their differences may be material. The Company does not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to any "forward-looking statements" to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this presentation, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as may be required under the applicable securities laws. No Professional Advice The information in this presentation does not take into account individual investment and financial circumstances and is not intended in any way to influence a person dealing with any securities in Parkway. This presentation does not include any financial, legal or taxation advice. Any person intending to deal in Parkway securities is recommended to obtain professional advice. Additional Information This presentation has been prepared by Parkway Corporate Limited (“Parkway” or the “Company”)(ASX: PWN) and has been released on the ASX announcement platform and is also available at the Company website: www.pwnps.com Additional information regarding the Company can also be found at the Company’s website, or by contacting the Company at: ir@pwnps.com Image on presentation cover, is of brine ponds associated with Shell QGC Orana Water Treatment Plant. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 2 Contents Outline Key Definitions 1. Introduction to QLD CSG-LNG Sector page 4 2. The Waste Brine & Salt Challenge page 9 3. The QBS Technology-Based Solution page 21 4. QBS Master Plan – Overview page 31 5. QBS Master Plan – Value Creation page 36 Appendices § Parkway – About Us page 47 § Parkway – An Experienced Team page 48 § Parkway – Group Structure page 49 § Parkway – Key Markets page 50 § Parkway – Next-Generation Solutions page 51 § Multilayered IP Protection Strategy page 52 § Additional Information page 53 APPEA Australian Petroleum Producers & Exploration Association BAT Best Available Technology CAPEX Capital Expenditure CSG Coal Seam Gas DER Department of Resources (Queensland Government) DES Department of Environment & Science (Queensland Government) DRDMW Department of Regional Development, Manufacturing & Water (Queensland Government) EPCM Engineering, Procurement, Construction & Management FCF Free Cashflow FEED Front-End Engineering Design FID Final Investment Decision GAB Great Artesian Basin IP Intellectual Property LNG Liquified Natural Gas OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OPEX Operating Expenditure QBS Queensland Brine Solutions RO Reverse Osmosis (water treatment plant) RWF Regulated Waste Facility SEF Salt Encapsulation Facility WTP Water Treatment Plant Key Units $ Australian Dollars, unless stated otherwise MLD Megalitres Per Day MTPA Million Tonnes Per Annum TPA Tonnes Per Annum Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 3 1: Introduction to QLD CSG-LNG Sector Overview Presentation Outline § Queensland Coal Seam Gas (CSG) Industry § Section 1: Introduction to QLD CSG-LNG Sector § Overview of Queensland CSG-LNG Projects § Section 2: The Waste Brine & Salt Challenge § CSG Water Production § Section 3: The QBS Technology-Based Solution § QLD CSG-LNG Industry and Parkway Timeline § Section 4: QBS Master Plan – Overview § Section 5: QBS Master Plan – Value Creation Appendices § Parkway – About Us § Parkway – An Experienced Team § Parkway – Group Structure § Parkway – Key Markets § Parkway – Next-Generation Solutions § Parkway – Multilayered IP Protection Strategy § Additional Information Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 4 Queensland Coal Seam Gas (CSG) Industry Gas Resources § The majority of coal seam gas (CSG) resources and reserves in Queensland, are hosted within the: § Bowen Basin, and § Surat Basin. Investment Profile § During the early 2010’s, >$80 billion invested in building 25 Mtpa in liquefied natural gas (LNG) export capacity: § APLNG, 9 Mtpa (Origin led) § GLNG, 7.8 Mtpa (Santos led) § QCLNG, 8.5 Mtpa (Shell led) Production Profile § In 2022, the three LNG projects in Gladstone exported 24.3 Mt of LNG, ~6% of global LNG production: § Majority of gas exported to Asia, generating estimated >$25 billion in export revenue in 2022. Regulatory Profile Geoscience Australia, Gas: Australia’s Remaining Gas Reserves, period ending June 2021. § Projects are governed by a robust regulatory framework. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 5 Overview of Queensland CSG-LNG Projects UPSTREAM GAS OPERATIONS § Globally significant upstream CSG operations § Upstream CSG operations, supply gas to 3 downstream LNG plants in Gladstone, Queensland JOINT VENTURE PARTNERS &/OR SHAREHOLDERS GLNG PROJECT APLNG PROJECT Downstream Gas Operations SHELL QGC PROJECT ARROW PROJECT Upstream Gas Operations Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 6 CSG Water Production Where does the gas and water come from? § CSG is an unconventional gas resource found in coal deposits. § The production of gas requires the dewatering (removal of groundwater from) the coal seams, to allow the gas to flow to surface. Complex CSG water requires treatment § The CSG water contains a wide range of impurities, including: § Dissolved salts (sodium chloride/bicarbonate/carbonate) § Other inorganic compounds (including heavy metals & halogens) § Range of organic compounds (including suspended solids) § Residual hydrocarbon related and other complex impurities Production of salt products § Treatment of CSG water produces waste brine containing impurities § The sustainable processing of CSG water involves exploring options for utilising waste brine and avoiding its ultimate disposal in the form of mixed salts, into landfill. No viable long-term solution Queensland Government, Coal Seam Gas Brine Management Action Plan 2023-33. § Despite significant investment by industry, no viable long-term solution to processing waste brine sustainably, has been identified. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 7 QLD CSG-LNG Industry and Parkway Timeline CSG Industry Milestones Construction of QCLNG commences, world first project to convert CSG into LNG 1996 Parkway Related Milestones Parkway Minerals lists on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX:PWN) 2011 2012 Queensland Government released the: Coal Seam Gas Brine Management Action Plan 2023-2033 University of Queensland published Independent Review of the 2018 APPEA Report CSG Water Management Policy released – outlining saline waste management priorities 2010 R&D activities relating to hypersaline brines, including CSG at Victoria University and CPC-AWT APPEA released landmark report: Queensland gas: end-to-end water use, supply and management First CSG derived LNG cargo exported from Gladstone in Queensland Commencement of domestic CSG production in Queensland 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Acquired the patented iBC® technology and associated IP Acquired Activated Water Technologies (CPC) including aMES® brine processing technology Signed Global Strategic Partnership Agreement with global engineering company - Worley Extensive process simulation, development, optimisation and piloting of iBC® technology Acquired comprehensive brine technology portfolio from Victoria University & broadened partnership Successful validation of several major technical breakthroughs Commissioned large capacity innovative pilot plant incorporating iBC® and related technologies Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 Disclosure of Master Plan Concept and related technology innovations Completion of comprehensive feasibility study for a major CSG Operator www. pwnps.com | 8 2: The Waste Brine & Salt Challenge Overview Presentation Outline § CSG Brine & Salt Challenges in Queensland § Section 1: Introduction to QLD CSG-LNG Sector § Existing Desalination Plants Produce Waste Brine § Section 2: The Waste Brine & Salt Challenge § Waste Brine Contains Significant Waste Salts § Section 3: The QBS Technology-Based Solution § The Scale of the Waste Salt Problem § Section 4: QBS Master Plan – Overview § Shell QGC – Existing State-of-the-Art Technology § Section 5: QBS Master Plan – Value Creation § CSG Regulatory Framework in Queensland § CSG Policy Framework in Queensland Appendices § Long-Term Brine & Salt Management Options § Parkway – About Us § Community Concerns & Scepticism § Parkway – An Experienced Team § Parkway – Group Structure § Parkway – Key Markets § Parkway – Next-Generation Solutions § Parkway – Multilayered IP Protection Strategy § Additional Information Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 9 CSG Brine & Salt Challenges in Queensland Overview § Production of CSG, results in large volumes of brine production, all of which are currently stored in brine ponds on an “interim” basis. § Industry, through APPEA, has explored range of options, over many years, resulting in only 1 viable option, namely “salt encapsulation”. § Salt encapsulation is expensive, complex, represents unacceptable environmental risks and faces significant community backlash. 1 3 2 Adapted from: APPEA, QUEENSLAND GAS: end-to-end water use, supply and management, 2018. 1. Water Treatment Plants § x16 large capacity water treatment plants in operation 2. Regulated Brine Ponds § x36 large brine ponds, storing waste CSG derived brines 3. Proposed Industry Solution (Base Case), involves: § Transporting brine to a brine concentrator and salt crystalliser § Crystallisation of waste salts that then need to be transported § Waste salts to be disposed in a regulated waste facility (RWF) § Fees payable to RWF operator as well as government levies Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 10 Existing Desalination Plants Produce Waste Brine Reject brine (9%) Formation Water Produced annually 50 GL of fresh water recovered annually Fresh water (91%) § 55 GL of CSG formation (brackish) water produced annually § 4.8 GL Desalination Process 16 major desalination plants treat brackish water to produce: 9% recovered as brine § Network of large reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants treat brackish (salty) CSG formation water: § resulting in large volumes of waste brine production 91% of brackish water recovered as fresh water Fresh Water For local agriculture Existing Desalination Plants Reject Brine Produced by desal process Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 11 Waste Brine Contains Significant Waste Salts The industry plans to transport concentrated brine from existing desalination plants; to centralised hubs, for: § brine concentration, and § salt crystallisation. Reject Brine Produced by desal process § Waste brine contains ~194,000 tonnes of waste salt, annually. § ~6,000,000 tonnes will be produced over life of existing CSG projects. Planned Brine Concentrators Energy Intensive 750 ML BRINE TREAMENT PLANS Based on existing Base-Case 4.8GL (4,800 ML) of Reject Brine produced by desalination process annually ANNUAL WASTE PROFILE Based on existing Base-Case Planned Salt Crystallisers Produce mixed waste salts Concentrate Planned waste brine profile Existing Desalination Plants Waste Salt Salt requiring disposal Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 12 The Scale of the Waste Salt Problem 6 million tonnes tonnes of waste salts dissolved in water (brine), over the life of 4 major existing CSG projects. The 4 major CSG projects in Queensland store brine in 36 ponds with large proportion of salts already produced. The Great Pyramid of Giza, was the tallest manmade structure in the world for 3,800 years. The 2.3 million blocks which make up the Giant Pyramid of Giza, weigh an estimated 6 million tonnes. Waste brine ponds associated with Shell QGC Orana Water Treatment Plant. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 13 Legacy of Potash Mining in Germany “Monte Kali”, a mountain of residual waste salts from historical potash mining, overlooking the town of Heringen in Hesse, Germany. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 14 Shell QGC – Existing State-of-the-Art Technology Overview § During 2011-13, QGC (BG, now Shell) invested ~$1 billion to build two largescale brine concentration plants. § The brine concentration plants, take the reject brine from the desalination (RO) plants, and concentrate this brine approximately 7x, thereby reducing the waste brine volumes significantly. Operations § The brine concentration plants are operated and maintained by Veolia under an $800 million, 20-year service contract, which commenced in 2013. Outcome § Despite the significant CAPEX and OPEX, the brine concentration plants only concentrate the salts in brine, but do not produce any clean or mixed salts (for sale or disposal, respectively), as the installation of salt crystallisers are required to enable salt production. Shell QGC, 100 MLD Northern Water Treatment Plant built by Consortium of GE and Laing O’Rourke. Image courtesy of GE. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 15 CSG Regulatory Framework in Queensland Overview § The regulatory framework applicable to CSG projects in Queensland is primarily determined by Queensland Government legislation governing the industry, requiring compliance with certain performance and environmental standards. In addition, CSG projects are also impacted by Commonwealth Government legislation, including the EPBC Act 1999. Queensland Government The Queensland Government has a rigorous framework in place for the regulation of resource and prescribed activities. This regulatory framework is comprised by a range of legislation and associated regulations, policies, and guidance materials which impose a number of requirements and restrictions on an operator when undertaking an activity. § The Environment Protection Act 1994 § Coal Seam Gas Water Management Policy 2012 § Includes the prioritisation hierarchy for managing saline waste § State Development and Public Works Organisation Act 1971 § Planning Act 2016 § Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011 § Includes the waste levy framework § Regional Planning Interests Act 2014 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY ACTION Prevention OUTCOME Best Re-use Recycle Recovery Disposal Worst Commonwealth Government § The Commonwealth Government also regulates CSG activities through the “water trigger” in the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act 1999). Under the water trigger, large CSG developments that are likely to have a significant impact on a water resource are a matter of national environmental significance, requiring Commonwealth approval. Parkway Corporate Limited (ASX:PWN) | Queensland Brine Solutions (QBS) | MASTER PLAN – Concept | 22 June 2023 www. pwnps.com | 16 CSG Policy Framework in Queensland Key Principles of CSG Brine Management § In March 2023, the Queensland Government released the Coal Seam Gas Brine Management Action Plan 2023-2033. § The plan reiterated (from Coal Seam Gas Water Management Policy 2012) the prioritisation hierarchy for managing saline waste is: § Priority 1 Brine or salt residues are treated to create useable products wherever feasible. § Priority 2 After assessing the feasibility of treating the brine or solid salt residues to create useable and saleable products, disposing of the brine and salt residues in accordance with strict standards that protect the environment. § The Action Plan indicated that, “Management of brine requires the consideration of a range of elements including water management, waste management, water quality, site characteristics, environmental impacts, economic consideration, and safety. To achieve the best outcomes for the environment, industry and the community regarding the management of brine, the